Switchgrass Germplasm Resources

Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) is an important native grass and dominant member of the tallgrass prairie ecosystem. It is used for conservation, restoration, livestock feed production, and bioenergy feedstock production. The purpose of this review is to describe the biological and geographical basis for switchgrass germplasm diversity and to provide a resource for scientists and outreach personnel to find switchgrass germplasm to meet their needs. Upland and lowland ecotypes represent the most important polymorphism in switchgrass, with distinct but overlapping geographic distributions. Variation in ploidy exists within both ecotypes, with 2n = 4x = 36 the dominant ploidy in the lowland ecotype and 2n = 8x = 72 the dominant ploidy in the upland ecotype. Ploidy is a strong barrier to gene flow, but ecotype is a weak barrier, with up to 10% of random individuals demonstrating some evidence for upland-lowland hybridization in their ancestry. Latitudinal and, to a lesser extent, longitudinal differentiation exists within each ecotype, such that most wild populations and cultivars are not well adapted more than one hardiness zone from their place of origin. Plant breeding can alter this relationship by creating populations with improved cold tolerance, for example, increasing the adaptation range of an individual cultivar. The USDA National Plant Germplasm System maintains the national switchgrass collection, which is available for research and breeding purposes. M. Casler, USDA–ARS, U.S. Dairy Forage Research Center, 1925 Linden Dr., Madison, WI 53706-1108; K.P. Vogel, USDA–ARS (retired), Grain, Forage, and Bioenergy Research Unit, 137 Keim Hall, Dep. Agronomy and Horticulture, Univ. of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583-0937; M. Harrison, USDA–ARS, Plant Genetic Resources Conservation Unit, 1109 Experiment Street, Griffin, GA 30223. Received 5 Feb. 2015. Accepted 30 Apr. 2015. *Corresponding author ([email protected]). Abbreviations: ybp, years before present; GRIN, Germplasm Resources Information Network; M, million; NPGS, National Plant Germplasm System; NRCS, Natural Resources Conservation Service; PMC, Plant Materials Center; PI, Plant Introduction; SCS, Soil Conservation Service. Published in Crop Sci. 55:2463–2478 (2015). doi: 10.2135/cropsci2015.02.0076 © Crop Science Society of America | 5585 Guilford Rd., Madison, WI 53711 USA All rights reserved. Published October 19, 2015